The improvement of electron transport rate of TiO₂ dye-sensitized solar cells using mixed nanostructures with different phase compositions

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCCs) in the form of mixed nanostructures containing TiO2 nanoparticles and nanowires with different weight ratios and phase compositions are reported. X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that the synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles had average crystallite size in the range 21-39 nm, whereas TiO2 nanowires showed diameter in the range 20-50 nm. The indirect optical band gap energy of TiO2 nanowires, anatase- and rutile-TiO2 nanoparticles was calculated to be 3.35, 3.28 and 3.17 eV, respectively. The power conversion efficiency of the solar cells changed with nanowire to nanoparticle weight ratio, reaching a maximum at a specific value. An increase of 4.3% in cell efficiency was achieved by introducing 10 wt% nanowire into the as-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles (WP1 cell). Furthermore, an increase of 27.6% in cell efficiency was achieved by using crystalline anatase-TiO2 nanoparticles rather than as-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles in WP1 solar cell. It was found that the power conversion efficiency and short circuit current of WP1 cell were decreased down to around 30.8% and 39.1%, respectively using rutile nanoparticles rather than anatase nanoparticles. The improvement of cell efficiency was related to rapid electron transport and less recombination of photogenerated electrons, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.