Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: pathophysiology imaging

Background : Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely abused for enhancing muscle mass, strength, growth and improving athletic performance. Materials and methods : In recent years, many observational and interventional studies have shown important adverse cardiovascular effects of AAS abuse. Conclusions : This review discusses established and future perspectives of novel molecular imaging techniques that may serve as potential tools for early detection of AAS-associated cardiovascular disorders