Connexin 43 hemichannels contribute to cytoplasmic Ca2+ oscillations by providing a bimodal Ca2+-dependent Ca2+ entry pathway

Many cellular functions are driven by changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) that are highly organized in time and space. Ca2+ oscillations are particularly important in this respect and are based on positive and negative [Ca2+](i) feedback on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP(3)Rs). Connexin hemichannels are Ca2+-permeable plasma membrane channels that are also controlled by [Ca2+](i). We aimed to investigate how hemichannels may contribute to Ca2+ oscillations. Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing connexin-32 (Cx32) and Cx43 were exposed to bradykinin (BK) or ATP to induce Ca2+ oscillations. BK-induced oscillations were rapidly (minutes) and reversibly inhibited by the connexin-mimetic peptides (32)Gap27/(43)Gap26, whereas ATP-induced oscillations were unaffected. Furthermore, these peptides inhibited the BK-triggered release of calcein, a hemichannel-permeable dye. BK-induced oscillations, but not those induced by ATP, were dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Alleviating the negative feedback of [Ca2+](i) on InsP(3)Rs using cytochrome c inhibited BK- and ATP-induced oscillations. Cx32 and Cx43 hemichannels are activated by < 500 nM [Ca2+](i) but inhibited by higher concentrations and CT9 peptide (last 9 amino acids of the Cx43 C terminus) removes this high [Ca2+](i) inhibition. Unlike interfering with the bell-shaped dependence of InsP3Rs to [Ca2+](i), CT9 peptide prevented BK-induced oscillations but not those triggered by ATP. Collectively, these data indicate that connexin hemichannels contribute to BK-induced oscillations by allowing Ca2+ entry during the rising phase of the Ca2+ spikes and by providing an OFF mechanism during the falling phase of the spikes. Hemichannels were not sufficient to ignite oscillations by themselves; however, their contribution was crucial as hemichannel inhibition stopped the oscillations