The Origin Emergence and Emergence of the Sultans of the Ayyubid and Mamluk Bahri State and the Characteristics of their political Maturity (567 - 784 AH / 1171 - 1382 AD)

Praise be to God, who says in his dear book (We raise the ranks of whomever We will, and above all those with all-knowing knowledge) and may blessings and peace be upon our Master Muhammad and his family and companions: with much peace, and then. The Ayyubid state arose in the year (567 AH / 1171 AD) in the midst of the struggle against the Crusaders, the effect of the commitment of its founder Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi to the policy of jihad against them. The justifications for its existence and the permanence of its jihad arose, as in the event in the Battle of Hattin in (583 AH / 1187 AD) and the liberation of Jerusalem from the defilement of the Crusaders. However, the successors of Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi failed to complete the historical role on which their state was based, so the matter of their jihad against the Crusaders ceased after him, and the reason for that dispute that erupted between his successors from the Ayyubid house and then the Ayyubid state was torn and divided among them, and they began directing their energies and their political and military capabilities to the fighting Among them, they abandoned their primary role in confronting the Crusaders and preferred to abide by the policy of appeasement. Some of them even resorted to the help of the forces surrounding them from the Crusaders, Khwarezmians, and Seljuks of Rome against each other to dismember their state. In the midst of those conflicts and events, and as a result of the Seventh Crusade, a new force emerged to take its role in the events, which is the power of the Maritime Mamluks, which proved its ability to confront the Crusaders in Egypt, and even resolved many of the issues that the Ayyubid state was going through, and it became possible for the Mamluks to occupy an important role In the military and political history, which was reflected in the various aspects of life, and they were the mainstay of the army and its striking force, which increased their activities and influence on the political scene during that era. Therefore, it is necessary to give something about the origin and emergence of these two states, in order for them to take upon themselves to leave a strategic impact for those who lived through them and those who were affected by them