An assessment of good agriculture practices for safe and sustainable vegetable production in mid-hills of Nepal

The vegetable sector provides immediate income, nutrition, and food security and contributes significantly to the economy of Nepal. In recent decades, the sustainability of the vegetable sector has been challenged due to the unsystematic use of agrochemicals for commercializing production. Adopting Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) could reduce the use of agrochemicals in commercial vegetable production. This study conducted the assessment of GAP in Kathmandu Valley. A mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, was adopted for the study, which included farmers' surveys, key informant interviews, and in-depth interviews. The results showed that farmers were adopting different GAP, such as cropping practices, livestock integration, soil fertility management practices, and integrated pest management practices. Upon adopting these practices, farmers reduced agrochemicals' use by more than 40%. The critical incentives for surveyed farmers to adopt GAP were soil health improvement, farmers' safety, and reduction in the use of agrochemicals while improving the farm's image. Further, the study revealed that farmers faced several challenges in adopting GAP. Management difficulty (I = 0.9) was identified as the most critical problem, followed by no premium price (I = 0.8), knowledge (I = 0.6), access to GAP inputs (I = 0.5), and other risks (I = 0.04). The study's findings imply that adopting GAP helps reduce the use of agrochemicals, consequently motivating farmers toward safe and sustainable vegetable production. The study recommends market-based solutions such as creating mass consumer awareness, ensuring premium prices with quality assurance mechanisms for making the GAP-based production profitable, and promoting its wider adoption. This is supported by facilitating farmers' access to government subsidies, price incentives, and insurance services and increasing access to GAP inputs. This study aims to generate evidence on a safe and sustainable vegetable production model that will be key to institutionalizing GAP in Nepal