This PhD. dissertation is an experimental study in the context of laser-plasma interaction in the relativistic regime. The coupling of the laser to the plasma causes numerous nonlinear phenomena such as relativistic self-focusing, Raman instabilities, wakefield generation and the breaking of plasma waves. In this self-modulated laser wakefield regime, these effects combine and accelerate background plasma electrons to relativistic velocities. In the first part of the dissertation, nonlinear effects are studied. A new method based on chirped laser pulses allowed us to measure the dynamics of Raman instabilities. The results show that backward Raman scattering occurs at the front of the pulse while forward Raman scattering occurs at the back....