Facies model, cementation and sedimentary evolution of a 20th-century beach and beachrock: The Gorrondatxe wave and tidal coastal system (NE Spain)

Lithology, bedding, and sedimentary structures of the Gorrondatxe coastal and beach system show an upper shoreface around the low-water level and containing the coarsest grain sizes; a foreshore in the main intertidal zone, which is mainly composed of sands with minor gravels and a distinctive low-angle, seaward-dipping, planar-parallel lamination; and a backshore zone with a mixture of marine-derived sands (washover) and nonmarine sands and muds (aeolian, subaerial ponds) above the high-tide water level. The facies model shows a wave-dominated, mesotidal, composite beach with a fining-upwards and aggradational trend. Over the 20th century, a beachrock developed in this area as a result of heavy-industry waste dumping (steel industry) off the coast, which later became attached to the coast. There are a variety of cements and degrees of lithification in the beachrock, suggesting that the beachrock-related processes, although coetaneous, were not similar in all these zones and that different cements developed at the same time. Sand cementation can be used to recognize such facies in the stratigraphic record or in well cores, when other kinds of data are not available. The upper shoreface sandstones are hard andwell-cemented, with awhitish circumgranular aragonite cement and good intergranular porosity; the foreshore sands are medium-hard, with a brown, irregular, aragonite needle cement, which shows higher intergranular porosity; finally, the backshore sands are only lightly cemented,with a brown aragonite and rhombohedral calcite cement, with the highest intergranular porosity. SEM images show the presence of Coccus-type bacteria in all the different facies and zones; these are the best proof of metabolic activity, probably of ureolytic bacteria, in the origin of all these cements.Over the course of the 20th century,Gorrondatxe evolved from a formerly dissipative, ridge and runnel beach to an active, aggrading and prograding, reflective beach, and finally to an inactive beach prone to erosion. The change to a reflective profile and the cementation of the beachrock indicate that anthropic offshore inputs were rapidly recycled into the beachface. Another major change occurred when waste discharges ended, and the former sediments and beachrock started to be eroded to their current state.The present study has been funded by the Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), research group GIU18/16317/05; MINECO/MCI/ERDF-EU project PID2019-105670GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 of the Spanish Government