Supplementary Material for: Coping Patterns in Advanced Old Age: Findings from the Fordham Centenarian Study

Introduction. Research on coping in advanced old age is scarce. In the present study, we explored coping patterns in near-centenarians and centenarians, and characteristics associated to using a specific coping pattern. Methods. We analyzed the frequency with which participants (N=87, MAge = 99.05; SDage = 2.6; age range 95-107) reported using specific coping strategies (i.e., coping strategy use) and the relative preference for specific strategies (i.e., relative coping preferences) in data from the Fordham Centenarian Study. Moreover, we applied cluster analysis to detect coping patterns, and we compared cluster characteristics. Results. Very old individuals reported using emotion control and acceptance the most. Cluster analysis further revealed two distinct groups: The high coping group reported significantly higher coping strategy use than the low coping group (p < .001). The two groups also favored different strategies (p < .001), with the high coping group showing significantly higher relative preferences than the low coping group for active problem-solving, proactive prevention, and strategic planning (all ps < .05). The groups furthermore differed significantly in psychological strengths (i.e., personality, self-efficacy, ps < .001) and well-being outcomes (i.e., life satisfaction, p = .05). Discussion. This study provides evidence for a general preference for acceptance and emotion control, supporting theories of a developmental coping shift in old age, yet our findings also document the existence of groups with different coping patterns. More frequent coping use, and particularly continued use of active problem-solving and proactive prevention, may enable well-being in very old age