Table S1-S11, Figure S1-S7, and Supplementary text for detrital zircons from northern Gondwana (20230124)

Supplementary Text S1: Detailed sample descriptions, analytical methods, and results. Table S1: U-Pb dating and REE data of detrital zircons from the Gangdese Mountains, southern Tibet. Table S2: U-Pb dating and REE data of detrital zircons from Earth’s major rivers. Table S3: Summary of detrital zircon data compiled for the comparison of the Lhasa terrane and its potential origins in Gondwana. Table S4: Summary of age, geochemical, and isotopic data of typical Precambrian to Early Paleozoic igneous rocks in the Lhasa terrane. Table S5: U-Pb dating, Hf-isotope, and REE data of detrital zircons from the Lhasa terrane. Table S6: U-Pb dating and Hf-isotope data of zircons from typical Precambrian to Early Paleozoic igneous rocks in the Lhasa terrane. Table S7: U-Pb dating, Hf-isotope, and REE data of detrital zircons from Africa. Table S8: U-Pb dating, Hf-isotope, and REE data of detrital zircons from India. Table S9: U-Pb dating, Hf-isotope, and REE data of detrital zircons from Australia. Table S10: Zircon REE data of typical ca. 1200-1000 Ma felsic igneous rocks (samples T30 and T18) in the Lhasa terrane. Table S11: U-Pb age, Hf-isotope, and REE analysis results of standard zircons. Fig. S1: Plots of REE vs. U-Pb ages, age distribution histograms, and plots of REE averages for the detrital zircons from the Earth’s major rivers (A and B) and Gangdese Mountains (C and D). REE is represented by LREE/HREE and Eu/Eu*. The data are available in Tables S1 and 2. The filtering rules and average calculating method of REE data are consistent with those in Fig. 1. Fig. S2: Photographs of the Precambrian to early Paleozoic sedimentary and felsic igneous rocks in the Lhasa terrane. Fig. S3: Photomicrographs of the Precambrian to early Paleozoic sedimentary and felsic igneous rocks in the Lhasa terrane. Qt = quartzite; Am = amphibolite; Q = quartz; Pl = plagioclase; Kfs = K-feldspar; L = lithics; Bt = biotite; M = muscovite. Fig. S4: Concordia plots and typical cathodoluminescence images of zircons from the magmatic rock samples analyzed in this study. Dashed circles indicate the locations of age and Hf-isotope analyses. The U-Pb ages and εHf(t) values are given for each spot. n = total number of analyses. 207Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/238U ages were used for calculating weighted mean ages of > 1000 Ma and 0.1) are shown to prove that the weighted mean ages reflect the magmatic crystallization ages of samples. The data are available in Table S6. Fig. S5: Concordia plots and typical cathodoluminescence images of detrital zircons from the samples analyzed in this study. Dashed circles indicate the locations of age, Hf-isotope, and REE analyses. The U-Pb ages and εHf(t) values are given for each spot. n = total number of analyses. The data filtering rules are consistent with those of Fig. 1. The data are available in Table S5. The age of the youngest magmatic zircon of each sample was shown to represent the upper limits of sample deposition age. Fig. S6: Plots of LREE/HREE vs. U-Pb ages, age distribution histograms, and plots of LREE/HREE means and medians for the detrital zircons from the Lhasa terrane and its potential origins in Gondwana. The data are available in Tables S5 and S7–9. The data filtering rules and average calculating method of REE data are consistent with those in Fig. 1. Fig. S7: Plots of Eu/Eu* vs. U-Pb ages, age distribution histograms, and plots of Eu/Eu* means and medians for the detrital zircons from the Lhasa terrane and its potential origins in Gondwana. The sources, data filtering rules, and average calculating method of Eu/Eu* data are consistent with those of LREE/HREE in Fig. S6.