Fig 3 -

Species interaction factors (SIFs; with respective standard errors) representing the level of co-occurrence (φ; A) and co-detection (δ; B) between lion, leopard, and wild dog in Ruaha-Rungwa, from the top-ranked model, at the two spatial scales investigated. An SIF value exceeding 1 (dotted line) indicates that the species co-occur more often than expected; a value of less than 1 indicates that the species co-occur less often than expected; and a value of 1 indicates that the species are co-occurring randomly.