Risk of smoking during pregnancy

Uvod: Kajenje predstavlja velik zdravstveni problem, saj je tobačni dim toksična in rakotvorna mešanica več tisočih kemikalij. Kajenje med nosečnostjo ni povezano le z boleznijo ženske, temveč tudi z več posledicami nosečnosti. Že več kot 50 let je poznano, da prenatalna izpostavljenost tobaku plodu poveča tveganje za nizko porodno težo ali nedonošenost. Kajenje med nosečnostjo vpliva na povečanje tveganja za spontani splav in zunajmaternično nosečnost. Je največji možni vzrok za nepravilen razvoj pljuč pri plodu. Namen: Predstaviti tveganje kajenja v nosečnosti. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela s pregledom literature na področju kajenja v času nosečnosti. Uporabljene so bile naslednje podatkovne baze: PubMed, Cinahl, Google Schoolar, ScienceDirect. Uporabljena literatura je bila mlajša od 17 let. Rezultati: Rezultati pregledanih študij so pokazali, da ima kajenje med nosečnostjo veliko posledic, vključno z nizko porodno težo, večje tveganje za spontani splav in prezgodnjo smrt novorojenčka, povečano stopnjo kroničnih bolezni ter vedenjske in psihološke težave otroka. Razprava in zaključek: Pljuča ploda so zelo občutljiva na tobačni dim, saj vpliva na spremembo pljučne funkcije, dokazano ob rojstvu, ki je dolgotrajna in verjetno vpliva na kasnejše zdravje pljuč. Nosečnice, ki aktivno kadijo ali so pasivno izpostavljene kajenju, imajo veliko tveganje za neželene posledice med nosečnostjo. Najpogostejša posledica kajenja v nosečnosti je zastoj plodove rasti, po porodu pa tveganje za nizko porodno težo novorojenčka. Novorojenčki, izpostavljeni kajenju med nosečnostjo, so po rojstvu bolj vznemirljivi in hipertonični, potrebujejo več telesnega stika, v osrednjem živčevju imajo znake stresa/abstinence. Prenatalna izpostavljenost kajenju nosečnice je povezana s povečano stopnjo zlomov v prvem letu življenja dojenčka. Opuščanje kajenja kadar koli v obdobju nosečnosti kaže zmanjšanje negativnih učinkov na zdravje otroka in nosečnice. Če nosečnica ne more prenehati kaditi, jo je treba na podlagi ugotovitev spodbuditi, da zmanjša porabo na manj kot šest cigaret na dan. Zagotavljanje stalnega usposabljanja izvajalcev zdravstvene nege lahko pomaga vključiti opuščanje kajenja v rutinsko predporodno nego.Introduction: Smoking is a major health problem, as tobacco smoke is a toxic and carcinogenic mixture of thousands of chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy is not only associated with women\u27s disease, but also with several pregnancy outcomes. It has been known for more than 50 years that prenatal exposure to tobacco increases the risk of low birth weight or prematurity. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. It is the biggest possible cause of abnormal lung development in the fetus. Purpose: To introduce the risks of smoking in pregnancy. Methods: A descriptive method of working was used, with a review of the literature on smoking in pregnancy. The literature was searched through the following databases: PubMed, Cinahl, Google Schoolar, ScienceDirect. The literature used was less than 17 years old. Results: The results of the reviewed studies showed that smoking during pregnancy has many consequences, including low birth weight, increased risk of miscarriage and premature death of the newborn, increased rates of chronic diseases, and behavioural and psychological problems. Discussion and conclusion: Fetal lungs are very sensitive to tobacco smoke, as it affects the change in lung function demonstrated at birth, which is long-lasting and likely affects later lung health. Pregnant women who actively smoke or are passively exposed to smoking have a high risk of adverse consequences during pregnancy. The most common consequence of pregnant women smoking is the risk of fetal growth arrest, and after child birth the risk of low birth weight. Newborns exposed to smoking during pregnancy are more excitable and hypertonic after birth, need more physical contact, and show signs of stress in the central nervous system. Prenatal exposure to smoking by pregnant women is associated with an increased rate of fractures in the first year of the infant\u27s life. Quitting smoking at any time during pregnancy shows a reduction in negative effects on the health of the baby and the pregnant woman. If a pregnant woman cannot stop smoking, based on the findings, she should be encouraged to reduce her consumption to less than six cigarettes a day. Providing ongoing training for health care providers can help integrate smoking cessation into routine antenatal care