International audienceAbstract : The Roman period temple at Ruwāfa in the north-western part of the Arabian Peninsula is known for its isolation in a desert area. A small group of Greek and Nabataean inscriptions was found there. They show that the temple was built during the reign of the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus and under two successive governors of the provincia Arabia. The temple was not dedicated to the imperial cult, but to the god of the Thamudenians. Its construction demonstrated the loyalty of the dedicator, the Thamudenian ethnos, to the emperors. The word ethnos here refers, quite traditionally, to the “people”, the “community” of the Thamudenians which, like other officialy recognised communities, cities and trib...