Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are brief flashes of gamma-ray photons produced by ultra-relativistic jets after a newly born stellar black hole, and represent the most energetic phenomena known in the Universe. The forthcoming Sino-French mission SVOM will be dedicated to the observation of GRBs and will open a new era in the time-domain and multi-messenger astrophysics. With a better synergy between the detection of GRBs by instruments on board the satellite and their follow-up with ground telescopes, SVOM will offer a new insight on these extreme phenomena. In this thesis, I focused on the preparation and the scientific exploitation of the mission on long, medium and short term.Long-term: among the GRB population, a subpopulation known as Long G...