Amoxicillin and thiamphenicol treatments may influence the co-selection of resistance genes in the chicken gut microbiota

The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the chicken gut following amoxicillin and thiamphenicol treatments and potential co-selection of ARGs. To this purpose, the microbial community composition, using 16S rRNA NGS, and the abundance of ARGs conferring resistance to β-lactams and phenicols, using qPCRs, were determined. Results revealed that the administered antimicrobials did not significantly reduce the gut microbiota diversity, but changed its composition, with taxa (e.g. Gallibacterium and Megamonas) being enriched after treatment and replacing other bacteria (e.g. Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium). Positive correlations were found between ARGs (e.g. cmlA, bla CMY-2, and bla SHV) and the relative abundance of specific taxa (e.g. Lactobacillus and Subdoligranulum). The selective pressure exerted by both amoxicillin and thiamphenicol resulted in an increased abundance of ARGs conferring resistance to β-lactams (e.g. bla TEM-1, bla SHV, and bla CTX-M1-like) and phenicols (e.g. floR and cmlA). These findings, together with the co-occurrence of genes conferring resistance to the two antimicrobial classes (e.g. bla TEM-1 and cmlA), suggest a possible interaction among antimicrobials on resistance emergence, possibly due to the presence of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) carrying multiple resistance determinants