PERAN ELIT-ELIT MODERN SAMBAS MASA PENDUDUKAN BELANDA TAHUN 1818-1842

The emergence of the modern elite in Sambas is the influence of the Dutch Colonial with a policy called ethical politics, where ethical politics has an influence on life, namely in the field of education, where ethical politics provides modern education implemented by the Dutch Colonial in Indonesia, namely by opening schools in Indonesia. Precisely in Java, which attracted aristocrats to study there, one of which was in the Sultanate of Sambas such as Sultan Muhammad Tsafiuddin II, Sultan Muhammad Ali Tsafiuddin II and Sultan Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim Tsafiuddin, but the most influential in Sambas was Sultan Muhammad Tsafiuddin II. The emergence of the modern elite was not only influenced by the Dutch Colonial, but also from the Middle East, namely Egypt. Egypt is a city that has a renewal mindset, therefore many people want to get an education there, one of which is sending gifted youths of Sambas to education in Cairo, Egypt, who can later make changes in Sambas, one of which is Muhammad Basiuni Imran, which advances Sambas, in the field of education. The existence of figures called the modern elite brought changes in the political, social and economic fields in Sambas at that time