Through the short story “O espelho”, by Machado de Assis, originally published in 1882, this article explores the theme of human vanity as a philosophical problem through the prism of the theories of narrativist personal identity and the anthropology of emotions. To delve deeper into the problems of human vanity reflected through what Machado describes in literature, the philosophical influences of Jansenist and moralist inspiration between the lines of the tale are also addressed. The reflection-through-the-mirror task has a meta-narrative meaning here. The objective is to take literature as a bridge that helps to understand vanity in the face of the theater of the world, where the person only recognizes himself in the midst of the social ...