Regulation Model of Religious Rights and Freedoms for Local Religious Believers in the Majapahit Constitution

This article unfolds that the Majapahit Kingdom of Indonesian history has accommodated religious rights and freedom for local religious believers/adherents in its constitution. The kingdom was known in history as tolerant, harmonious, and had reasonable regulations to avoid faith-based conflicts. This finding is significant amid the rising concern over respect and protection of local indigenous religious beliefs in contemporary Indonesia. This research used normative legal methods with statutory, historical, and case approaches. The results and discussions were: first, the weakness of the Indonesian constitution’s model of regulating religious rights and freedoms was that it closed access for local religious believers to adhere to and carry out their religious teachings; second, the model regulating the right to religious freedom for local religious believers needed to distinguish the status of religions in Majapahit. Local religions retain an equal position in the constitution. In addition, this constitution also guided religious believers in Majapahit as part of the regulations in the field of religious rights and freedoms. This research concluded that equalizing positions and concepts of spiritual development allows regulating religious rights and freedoms in its constitution to make Majapahit a tolerant, harmonious country that avoids faith-based conflicts.Although the constitution has provided guarantees for religious rights and freedoms, its regulatory model still provides an opportunity for the neglect of the rights of adherents of local religions (indigenous religion) in believing and carrying out their religious rituals. This condition was certainly different from the regulatory model in the Majapahit Constitution, which placed the local religion on par with other religions. The research problems were: first, what were the weaknesses of regulating religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers in the Indonesian constitution? Second, what was the regulation model of religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers in the Majapahit Constitution? This research used normative legal methods with statutory, historical, and case approaches. The results and discussions were: first, the weakness of the model of regulating religious rights and freedoms in the Indonesian Constitution was that it closed access for local religious believers to adhere to and carry out their religious teachings. Second, the model regulating the right to religious freedom for local religious believers did not distinguish the status of religions in Majapahit. Local religions retain an equal position in the constitution. This equality included the right to practice religion as well as the right to adhere to it. In addition, this constitution also guided religious believers in Majapahit as part of the regulations in the field of religious rights and freedoms. The coaching model for local religious believers was carried out by a state institution called "Dharmyaksa ring Herahaji", more commonly called "Dharma Ipas Karsyan". This research concluded that the non-fulfillment of religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers was due to the regulatory model in the current constitution that ignores the existence of local religions. In addition, the equalization of positions and concepts of religious development allows regulating religious rights and freedoms in its constitution to make Majapahit a country that is tolerant, harmonious, and avoids faith-based conflicts