Characteristics of Real-World Non-Exhaust Particulates from Vehicles

The need to regulate the non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles has been discussed worldwide due to the bad environmental impact and the toxicity to the human body. In-depth studies have been precisely conducted on the analysis of the non-exhaust particulate matters, in particular, the amount of tire, brake and road wear particles and their proportion in the atmosphere. In this study, the influence of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on PM in the atmosphere was investigated with tire and PM samples. The PM samples suspended in the atmosphere were collected with a high-volume sampler equipped with a quartz filter. Additionally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal components in tire rubber were analyzed as markers by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyrolysis–GC/MS), GC/MS, and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). More vinylcyclohexene was detected than dipentene in the markers measured in the samples of tires equipped with vehicles driving on the road, while more dipentene was measured in total suspended particles (TSP) samples. Among the PAHs in tire samples, pyrene exhibited the highest concentration. Benzo(b)fluoranthene showed the highest concentration in the TSP samples. Among the metals, the highest concentration was zinc in all tire samples and calcium in TSP samples