Occupational Exposure to β-d-Glucans, Mould Allergens, Endotoxins and Cultivable Fungi in Pig Farms.

Airborne concentrations of organic dust on animal farms are known to be very high. This dust is partly composed of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and their components [endotoxins, (1→3)-β-d-glucans, mould allergens, mycotoxins], recognised as being responsible for numerous health effects. Several cross-sectional studies have measured levels of airborne bacteria, fungi and endotoxins on pig farms. However, the temporal dynamics of organic dust's components throughout the year have rarely been assessed, and airborne concentrations of (1→3)-β-d-glucans and mould allergens remain poorly understood in these work environments. This longitudinal, four-season study measured cultivable fungi, endotoxins, (1→3)-β-d-glucans, Aspergillus versicolor (AveX), Aspergillus fumigatus (Asp f1) and Alternaria sp (Alt a1) allergens on 31 pig farms in Switzerland. Results showed that exposure to AveX occurred in all four seasons. Total mean airborne concentration of endotoxins were between 3 and 4 times higher than the Swiss recommended limit value of 1000 EU m-3 and mean airborne concentrations of fungi were between 30 and 50 times higher than the Swiss recommended limit value of 1000 cfu m-3. Finally, accumulations of faecal matter on floors, humidity and dusty pathways were associated with increased concentrations of (1→3)-β-d-glucans. In conclusion, pig farmers require better information about biological occupational risks, and measures to improve air quality should be implemented, especially in winter