Photobiomodulation and visual stimulation against cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease pathology: A systematic review

Abstract Introduction Given the ineffectiveness of the available drug treatment against Alzheimer disease (AD), light‐based therapeutic modalities have been increasingly receiving attention with photobiomodulation (PBM) and, more recently, visual stimulation (VS) being among the most promising approaches. However, the PBM and VS light parameters tested so far, as well as their outcomes, vary a lot with conflicting results being reported. Methods Based on Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases search, this systematic review summarizes, compares, and discusses 43 cell, animal, and human studies of PBM and VS related to cognitive decline and AD pathology. Results Preclinical work suggests that PBM with 640±30‐nm light and VS at 40 Hz attenuates Aβ and Tau pathology and improves neuronal and synaptic plasticity with most studies pointing towards enhancement of degradation/clearance mechanisms in the brain of AD animal models. Despite the gap of the translational evidence for both modalities, the few human studies performed so far support the use of PBM at 810‐870 nm light pulsing at 40 Hz for improving brain network connectivity and memory in older subjects and AD patients, while 40 Hz VS in humans seems to improve cognition; further clinical investigation is urgently required to clarify the beneficial impact of PBM and VS in AD patients. Discussion This review highlights PBM and VS as promising light‐based therapeutic approaches against AD brain neuropathology and related cognitive decline, clarifying the most effective light parameters for further preclinical and clinical testing and use. Highlights Light‐based brain stimulation produces neural entrainment and reverts neuronal damage Brain PBM and VS attenuate AD neuropathology PMB and VS are suggested to improve cognitive performance in AD patients and animal models Light stimulation represents a promising therapeutic strategy against neurodegeneratio