Correction of Terrain Effects on Forest Canopy Height Estimation Using ICESat-2 and High Spatial Resolution Images

The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite–2 (ICESat–2) carries the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS), enabling global canopy height measurements from forest canopy height models (CHMs). Topographic slope is a crucial factor affecting the accuracy of canopy height estimates from ICESat–2 CHMs, but it has not been sufficiently studied. This paper aims to eliminate the influence of slope on canopy height estimates from ICESat–2 data and establishes a method for correcting forest canopy heights based on high spatial resolution digital orthophoto maps (DOM). The cross-track photons are corrected horizontally to eliminate the estimation error. Multi-resolution segmentation is used to segment tree crowns in the DOM, and the distance and relative position between the top of canopy (TOC) photons and the center point of the crown are calculated. TOC photon correction rules are established for different terrains, and the vertical error of the TOC photons is corrected. The results indicate that the vertical error increases exponentially with the slope. The cross-track photon correction and the TOC photon correction method eliminate the effect of slope on canopy height estimates. The cross-track photon correction method reduces the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the canopy height estimates by 35.71% and 35.98%, respectively. The TOC photon correction approach further reduces the MAE and RMSE by 23% and 19.23%, respectively. The proposed method has significantly higher accuracy for forest canopy height estimation using ICESat–2 data than the traditional method