Nonlinear Modeling of RC Substandard Beam–Column Joints for Building Response Analysis in Support of Seismic Risk Assessment and Loss Estimation

The paper discusses how joint damage and deterioration affect the seismic response of existing reinforced concrete frames with sub-standard beam–column joints. The available simplified modeling techniques are critically reviewed to propose a robust, yet computationally efficient, technique for simulating the nonlinear behavior of substandard beam–column joints. Improvements over the existing models include the simulation of the cyclic deterioration of joint stiffness and strength, as well as pinching in the hysteretic response, implemented considering a deteriorating hysteretic rule. A fiber-section forced-based inelastic beam–column element is developed, considering improved material models and fixed-end rotation due to bond failure, rebars-slip, and inelastic extension, to simulate the deteriorating cyclic behavior of existing pre-cracked beam–column members. For the assessment of frames with substandard exterior beam–column joints, a nonlinear model for the exterior joint is developed and validated through a full-scale quasi-static cyclic test performed on a substandard T-joint connection. The proposed model allows considering structural performance in risk assessment while accounting for true inelastic mechanisms at the joints. An assessment of a five-story RC frame revealed that the activation of the joint shear mechanism increases the chord rotation demand on the connecting beam members by up to 85%, with increases of up to 62% (mean drift) and 89% (mean + 1.std.) on the lower floors when determining the inter-story drift demand, and the collapse probability of structures subjected to design base ground motions increased from 4.20% to 29.20%