Orientation Selection of Supported Au Nanoparticles on (111)- and (001)-Terminated SrTiO₃ Substrates

Orientation-dependent performance has been demonstrated in different materials consisting of nanoparticles on substrates. The fabrication of desirably oriented nanoparticles requires knowledge of orientation selection rules. Based on the Wulff–Kaishew theory, our analysis shows that the energy-favorable orientation(s), is influenced by the surface energy of particles, in addition to the dominant factor, i.e., the energy difference between particle/substrate interfacial energy and surface energy of the substrate. To verify this, a model system of dewetted Au nanoparticles on SrTiO3 is studied. The {111}-terminated SrTiO3 supports only {111}-orientated Au particles, with the lowest interfacial energy. On the other hand, {100}-terminated SrTiO3 supports multiple Au particles, with {111}-, {100}-, {110}- orientations, as a possible result of close surface energy contributions. The above orientations can be additionally manipulated by changing the heat treatment temperature. Our results provide fundamental insights into fabricating supported nanoparticles for practical applications