Explainable machine learning for understanding and predicting geometry and defect types in Fe-Ni alloys fabricated by laser metal deposition additive manufacturing

Recently, there has been development toward metal additive manufacturing (MAM) because of its benefits like fabrication of complex geometries, waste minimization, freedom of design, and low-cost customization. Despite these advantages, the influence of the processing parameters on the properties of MAM products is neither well understood nor easily predictable. In this study, explainable machine learning (xML) models were applied to predict and understand the geometry and types of defects in MAM-processed Fe-Ni alloys. Gaussian process regression (GPR) was used to predict the as-printed height and porosity using data from Fe-Ni alloys produced via laser metal deposition (LMD) processing. Defect types (gas porosity, keyhole, and lack of fusion) were classified using a support vector machine (SVM) by comparing the measured and predicted porosities based on GPR. The Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) approach for xML was utilized to analyze feature importance based on both GPR and SVM data. This study provides insight into the use of the xML model in MAM to link processing with results