Assessment of Iran’s Mangrove Forest Dynamics (1990–2020) Using Landsat Time Series

Mangrove forests distributed along the coast of southern Iran are an important resource and a vital habitat for species communities and the local people. In this study, accurate mapping and spatiotemporal change detection were conducted on Iran’s mangroves for three decades, using the Landsat imagery available for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Four general vegetation indices and eight mangrove-specific indices were employed for mangrove mapping in three study sites. Additionally, six important landscape metrics were implemented to quantify the spatiotemporal alteration of the mangrove forests during the study period. Our results showed the robustness of the submerged mangrove recognition index (SMRI), validated as the most effective index (F1-score ≥ 0.89), which was used for mangrove identification within all nine sites. The mangrove area of southern Iran was estimated at approximately 13,000 ha in 2020, with an overall increase of 2313 ha over the whole period. A similar trend could be observed for both the landscape connectivity and complexity. Our results revealed that a stronger connectivity and higher complexity could be detected in most sites, while there was increased fragmentation and a weaker connection in some locations. This study provides an accurate map of Iran’s mangrove forests over time and space