Increasing the Contents of Paddy Soil Available Nutrients and Crop Yield via Optimization of Nitrogen Management in a Wheat–Rice Rotation System

To explore the impact of nitrogen (N) rate during the wheat season and N fertilizer management during the rice season on carbon and soil nutrient pools in paddy soil, a wheat–rice rotation system for 2 successive years was implemented. In the rotation system, a conventional N rate (Nc; 150 kg/ha) and a reduced N rate (Nr; 120 kg/ha) were applied in the wheat season. Based on an application rate of 150 kg/hm2 N in the rice season, three N management models were applied, in which the application ratio of base:tiller:panicle fertilizer was 20%:20%:60% in treatment M1, 30%:30%:40% in treatment M2, and 40%:40%:20% in treatment M3. Zero N was used as the control (M0). Experimental results indicate that, under Nc, the M2 management model during the rice season, improvements were seen in paddy soil urease, organic carbon, and annual yield relative to other conditions. The average organic matter and total N associated with the M2 rice management model and conventional N application during the wheat season were 5.13% and 4.95% higher, respectively, relative to the use of a reduced N application rate during the wheat season. Similarly, the average total carbon content and annual yields were 6.61% and 5.56% higher under the model M2 with conventional N application during the wheat season, respectively, relative to reduced N application after the two-year study period. These findings indicate that production and carbon fixation in paddy fields can be optimized through a conventional N application rate during the wheat season, and an M2 N management model during the rice season in southern China under a wheat–rice rotation system