Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Silurian–Devonian Black Shales of Western Peninsular Malaysia Using Spectroscopic Characterization

The present study aimed to evaluate the hydrocarbon functional groups, aromaticity degree, and depositional environment in the Silurian–Devonian Kroh black shales of western peninsular Malaysia. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied to measure the hydrocarbon functional groups in the sedimentary succession and associated organic matter of the black shale samples. The results showed that aromatic C=C stretching, aromatic C-H out-of-plane, aromatic C-H in-plane, and aliphatic =C–H bending are the major hydrocarbon functional groups in the Kroh shales. Also, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) was used to evaluate the type of humic substance and analyze the sample extract ratios of E4/E6. It was revealed that the methanol-treated Kroh shale samples ranged from 0.00048 to 0.12 for E4 and 0.0040 to 0.99 for E6. The lower E4/E6 ratio (>5) indicates the dominance of humic acid over fulvic acid in the Kroh shales. The Kroh shale samples’ total organic carbon content (TOC) ranges from 0.33 to 8.5 wt.%, analyzed by a multi-N/C 3100 TOC/TNb analyzer. The comparison study revealed that the TOC content of the Kroh shale has close obtainable values for the Montney shales of Canada. Furthermore, both hydrocarbon functional groups from FTIR, and the E4/E6 ratio from UV-Vis show no correlation with TOC content. It is revealed that humic acid, aromatic, and aliphatic hydrocarbons are not the controlling factors of the enrichment of organic matter in the Kroh shales. Conversely, a positive correlation between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the Kroh shales indicated that organic matter is thermally overmatured. The presence of humic acid and enrichment of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Kroh shales demonstrated that the organic matter in these shales contains plant-derived hydrophilic minerals, i.e., terrestrial in origin. These findings may provide clues on the depositional and thermal maturation of organic matter for the exploration efforts into the pre-Tertiary sedimentary successions of the peninsular