Individual and Combined Effects of High-Temperature Stress at Booting and Flowering Stages on Rice Grain Yield

Extreme temperature events as a consequence of global climate change result in a significant decline in rice yield. A two year phytotron experiment was conducted using three temperature levels and two heating durations to compare the effects of heat stress at booting (BT), flowering (FL), and combined (BT + FL) stages on rice yield and yield components. Compared with T1 (Tmean of 27 °C), heat stress at BT + FL and BT stages produced more regenerated tillers and compensated more for yield loss than heat stress at FL. Heat stress at BT + FL stages alleviated spikelet sterility and yield loss of original tillers compared to heat stress at FL. The greater variation of yield per plant (YPP) under heat stress at flowering as compared to BT and BT + FL stages was accompanied by a higher decrease in spikelet fertility, while, at BT and BT + FL stages, spikelet number per plant and 1000-grain weight also contributed well to variation in yield. Furthermore, heat stress during BT and BT + FL stages caused a significant decline in spikelet fertility of the upper part of panicles, followed by middle and lower parts, while heat stress at the FL stage responded inversely. For every 1 °C day increase in heat degree days at BT, FL, and BT + FL stages, YPPO (only original tillers) declined by 2.9%, 2.5%, and 6.0%, and YPPT (including original + regenerated tillers) decreased by 5.8%, 2.7%, and 2.2%, respectively. The projected alleviation effects under BT + FL stages of heat stress in contrast to single-stage heat stress would help to accurately estimate rice yield under extreme temperature events, as well as to develop a heat-tolerant rice cultivar