AquaCrop Model Evaluation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Management Strategies: A Case Study on the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) produces about half of the winter wheat yield in China; therefore, it is essential to improve winter wheat grain yield, biomass, and water productivity (WP) under current water shortage conditions in this area. In this study, the AquaCrop model was used for calibrating and validating crop canopy cover, grain yield, biomass, soil water content, crop evapotranspiration (ETC), and crop WP under an irrigation scheduling of 50%, 60%, and 70% field capacities with sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, and flood irrigation methods for winter wheat crop. The model was calibrated employing experimental data for the 2016–2017 winter wheat season and, subsequently, validated with using data from 2017–2018. The model performance was analyzed using root-mean-square error (RMSE), normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE), the coefficient of determination (R2), and Willmott’s index of agreement (d). The prediction error between the simulated and observed values for grain yield, biomass, soil water content, ETC, and WP were the minimum at a 60% field capacity and the maximum at a 50% field capacity irrigation scheduling. The model simulation was satisfactory under the 60% and 70% field capacity irrigation scheduling, while the model performance was relatively low under the 50% field capacity irrigation scheduling. Irrigation to 4–5 times the 30 mm depth (total 120–150 mm) by drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation was the most effective irrigation schedule to obtain the optimum grain yield, biomass, and WP on the NCP. Our findings suggest that the AquaCrop model could be a feasible tool for precisely simulating the canopy cover, grain yield, biomass, soil water content, ETC, and WP of winter wheat under different irrigation schedules and irrigation methods on the NCP with higher certainty than under current practices