Effects of far-infrared emitting ceramic materials and cold-water immersion on recovery after different exercise-induced muscle damage protocols

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Florianópolis, 2019.O uso de materiais cerâmicos emissores de infravermelho (MCEIF) e a imersão em água fria (IAF) têm sido sugeridos como uma estratégia capaz otimizar a recuperação pós exercício. Assim, o principal objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os efeitos dos MCEIF e IAF na recuperação após diferentes protocolos de dano muscular induzido pelo exercício. Esse trabalho foi dividido em três estudos, cada um buscando responder uma questão específica. No primeiro estudo, o objetivo foi determinar se o uso de calças com materiais cerâmicos emissores de infravermelho durante duas horas ao longo de 72 horas após máximo exercício excêntrico proporciona melhora do desempenho neuromuscular, bioquímico e marcadores perceptuais em homens moderadamente ativos separados em tratamento (n=11 biocerâmica: BIO) ou (n=11 placebo: PL). Atividade plasmática da creatina quinase e lactato desidrogenase, dor muscular de início tardio, recuperação percebida e contração voluntária máxima foram mensurados nos momentos pré, 2, 24, 48 e 72 horas pós exercício. O exercício excêntrico induziu a um dano muscular evidenciado pelo aumento significativo da dor muscular de início tardio e da creatina quinase ao longo do período pós exercício (p>0,05). No entanto, o tamanho do efeito foi menor para o lactato desidrogenase em 24 h (TE= 0,50), mas maior em 48 h (ES= -0,58) no grupo tratamento comparado ao placebo. Em conclusão, o uso diário de MCEIF ao longo de 72 horas não facilita a recuperação após máximo exercício excêntrico. No segundo estudo, por sua vez, analisou-se o efeito do MCEIF durante o sono noturno nos marcadores neuromusculares, bioquímicos e perceptuais em atletas de futsal durante duas semanas no período de pré-temporada. Os atletas dormiram usando calças de biocerâmica (BIO; n=10) ou placebo (PL; n=10). O desempenho neuromuscular e os marcadores bioquímicos foram obtidos nos momentos pré (basal), pós primeira e segunda semana de treinamento. Dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT) e o stress do treino (ST) foram monitorados ao longo das semanas. Ambas, estatística tradicional (pAbstract : Far-infrared emitting ceramic materials (cFIR) and cold-water immersion (CWI) have been suggested as an efficient strategy to aid post-exercise recovery. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of cFIR materials and CWI on recovery following different exercise- induced muscle damage protocols. This work was divided into three studies, each one seeking to answer one specific question. First study aimed to determine whether the use of cFIR pants during two hours within 72 hours after maximal eccentric exercise protocol improve neuromuscular performance, biochemical and perceptual markers in moderately active men separated by treatment (n=11 bioceramic: BIO) or (n=11 placebo: PL). Plasma creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), perceived recovery status, and maximal voluntary contraction were measured during pre- exercise and 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. Eccentric exercise induced muscle damage as evident in significant increases in delayed- onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase throughout post-exercise (P>0.05). Despite the increased delayed-onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase values, no effect of treatment was evident (P>0.05). However, the standardized difference was lower for lactate dehydrogenase in 24 h (ES= 0.50), but higher in 48 h (ES= -0.58) in treatment compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, the daily use of cFIR clothing during over 72 hours did not facilitate recovery after maximal eccentric exercise. Second study sought to investigate the effects of cFIR during overnight sleep on neuromuscular, biochemical and perceptual markers in futsal players during a 2-week preseason training program. The athletes sleep wore bioceramic (BIO; n=10) or placebo pants (PL; n=10). Neuromuscular and biochemical markers were obtained at baseline, and after the first and second week of training. DOMS and training strain (TS) were monitored throughout. Both, traditional statistical and magnitude-based inference were used to analyze change over time and between-groups. Higher changes in delta countermovement jump and squat jump on weeks 1 and 2 were reported in BIO group. Both groups were faster in 5-m sprint in week-2 compared to baseline, furthermore, BIO was faster in 10-m on week-1 than PL. Delta percentage in tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 10 and carbonyl was higher in BIO compared PL over weeks. Further, delta percentage in thiobarbituric acid reactive species, carbonyl, superoxide dismutase and catalase were modified across weeks compared to baseline. TS (week-1) and DOMS (seven sessions) was lower in BIO than PL. The results suggest that the daily use of cFIR clothing could facilitate recovery, especially on perceptual markers. At last, third study aimed to analyze the effect of post-match cold-water immersion (CWI) on markers of muscle damage, neuromuscular fatigue and perceptual responses within 72 hours after a Rugby match in professional players separated into CWI (10°C/10min; n=11) or Control (CON:30min seated; n=11) groups. Internal (rating of perceived exertion) and external load (global positioning satellite) were measured during and post-match. Biochemical, neuromuscular performance and perceptual markers were obtained at pre, post, 30 min, 24, 48 and 72 h post-match. Magnitude-based inference and Cohen?s effect size (ES) were used to analyze change over time and between- groups. Changes were unclear for the match loads, sprint times and perceptual markers between-groups. Higher changes in delta percentage in squat jump (24 h), peak power (24 h) and rate of force development (post, 30 min and 24 h) were reported in CWI than in CON. Lower delta percentage in tumor necrosis factor alpha (post, 24 and 72 h) and stiffness (30 min and 48 h) were showed in CWI compared CON group. In addition, different within-groups effects throughout post-match were reported. Implementing post-match CWI-based strategies improved the recovery of markers of inflammation and fatigue in Rugby players. As a concluding remark from the three studies, it is worth mentioning that daily and overnight use of cFIR and CWI post-match, may be considered as an effective strategy in different recovery markers in team sports athletes