Chemical and mechanical engineering programmable actuation of thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogels

Hydrogels capable of stimuli-responsive deformation are widely explored as intelligent actuators for diverse applications. It is still a significant challenge, however, to ???program??? these hydrogels to undergo highly specific and extensive shape changes with precision, because the mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of the hydrogels are inherently coupled. Herein, two engineering strategies were simultaneously employed to develop thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm)-based hydrogels capable of programmable actuation. First, PNIPAm is copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with varying molecular weights and concentrations. In addition, graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is incorporated to generate nanocomposite hydrogels. These strategies are combined to allow the refined control of mechanical and diffusional properties of hydrogels over a broad range, which also d! irectly influences variable thermoresponsive actuation