Highly Charged Ion (HCI) Clocks: Frontier candidates for testing variation of fine-structure constant

Attempts are made to unify gravity with the other three fundamental forces of nature. As suggested by higher dimensional models, this unification may require space and time variation of some dimensionless fundamental constants. In this scenario, probing temporal variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant ($\alpha= \frac{e^2} {\hbar c}$) in low energy regimes at the cosmological time scale is of immense interest. Atomic clocks are ideal candidates for probing $\alpha$ variation because their transition frequencies are measured to ultra-high precision accuracy. Since atomic transition frequencies are functions of $\alpha$, measurements of clock frequencies at different temporal and spatial locations can yield signatures to ascertain such conjecture. Electrons in highly charged ions (HCIs) experience unusually enhanced relativistic effects. Hence level-crossings can be observed often in these ions compared to their isoelectronic neutral or singly charged atomic systems. Such a process features by their more significant relativistic sensitive coefficients ($q$) of atomic transitions. For unambiguous detection of subtle changes in the transition frequencies due to $\alpha$ variation, it would be judicious to contemplate transitions for which $q$ values are enormous. HCIs are considered one of the most suitable candidates for making atomic clocks as they are the least sensitive to external electromagnetic fields owing to their exceptionally contracted orbitals. The first HCI clock has been realized, but its accuracy is much less than the counter optical clocks based on neutral atoms and singly charged ions. The realization of HCI clocks can add an extra dimension to investigating fundamental physics. In this work, we survey HCIs suitable for clock candidates on the grounds of general features, including their potential to probe temporal variation of $\alpha$.Comment: 35 pages, 12 table