Differential activation of signaling pathways involved in cell death, survival and inflammation by radiocontrast media in human renal proximal tubular cells

Radiocontrast media (RCM) are widely used in clinical medicine but may lead to radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (RCIN). The pathogenesis of acute renal failure secondary to RCM is not fully understood, but direct toxic effects are believed to be a major cause of RCIN. We have investigated the effect of different types of RCM on signaling pathways known to play a role in cell death, survival, and inflammation. HK-2 cells were incubated with sodium diatrizoate and iomeprol (IOM) at a concentration of 75 mg I/ml for 2 h. Both RCM caused an increase in phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (p38) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and NF-κB (at Ser 276), with sodium diatrizoate having a more drastic effect. Although cell viability was reduced significantly by both RCM, in cells pretreated with IOM the cell viability recovered over a 22-h time period after removal of the RCM. However, viability of diatrizoate-treated cells rose at 5 h but then fell at 22 h after removal of the RCM. The decrease in cell viability in diatrizoate-treated cells corresponded with an increase in phosphorylation of JNKs, p38, and NF-κB and a decrease in phosphorylation of Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and forkhead box O3a, as well as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3 cleavage. The recovery in viability of IOM-treated cells corresponded most notably with an increase in STAT3 phosphorylation and induction of Pim-1 kinase. There was also an increase in interleukin-8 release by diatrizoate-treated cells indicating the possibility of proinflammatory effects of RCM. A knowledge of the signaling pathways by which RCM exert their cytotoxic actions may help in finding future therapies for RCIN