Culture conditions affect the sex ratio of in vitro produced bovine embryos

Most systems for producing bovine embryos in vitro use glucose as an energy source despite putative toxic effects. Glucose has a selective embryotoxicity towards female embryos, due to the higher expression of the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (Kimura et al. 2005 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 72, 201–207). Recently, the replacement of glucose with citrate and myo-inositol in SOF medium supplemented with 5% bovine serum (BS) increased the percentage of female embryos (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–1355). Serum also affects the sex ratio of in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos, favoring the male gender (Gutierrez-Adan et al. 2001 Theriogenology 55, 1117–1126). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of glucose replacement with myo-inositol during in vitro culture, in the presence of either BS or BSA, on bovine embryo sex ratio. Abattoir-derived oocytes (n = 1164, over 4 replicates) were matured and fertilized in vitro as previously described (Rubessa et al. 2011). After 20 to 22 h of gametes co-incubation, zygotes were denuded and cultured for 7 days in SOF with: group A) 0.34 mM trisodium citrate + 2.77 mM myo-inositol + 5% BS (n = 287); group B) 0.34 mM tri-sodium citrate + 2.77 mM myo-inositol + 8 mg mL–1 BSA(n = 290); group C) 1.5 mM glucose + 5% BS (n = 302) and group D) 1.5 mM glucose + 8 mg mL–1 BSA (n = 285). Representative samples of blastocysts produced in each group (n = 96, 58, 99, and 70, respectively in groups A, B, C, and D) were sexed by PCR as previously described (Rubessa et al. 2011). Differences among groups in blastocyst yields were analyzed by ANOVA. The percentages of female embryos were analyzed by chi-square test. Blastocyst rates in group C were lower (28.1%) than those recorded in groups A, B, and D (35.9, 41.0 and 36.1%, respectively; P < 0.01). A higher (P < 0.05) percentage of female embryos was observed in group A (61.5%) compared to group C (45.5%), with intermediate values in groups B (51.7%) and D (60.0%). Therefore, the replacement of glucose with citrate and myo-inositol favored the development of female embryos in the presence of BS but was ineffective in the presence of BSA. Furthermore, when glucose was the energy source, a tendency to greater incidence of female embryos was observed when the medium was supplemented with BSA rather than BS (P = 0.06). As a small amount of glucose is present in the BS, we hypothesize an additional glucose-dependent toxic effect on female embryos in group C. However, we cannot rule out that other factors present in the BS may interact with the energy source, playing a role in determining the sex ratio. Furthermore, the shift in sex ratio in favor of males or females embryo can be due to a better development of embryo of one sex, or to the delayed development or degeneration of embryos of the other sex. In conclusion, these results suggest that manipulating the metabolic profile of the embryos during culture may have an impact on both blastocyst production and sex ratio