Sol–gel synthesis of ZnO transparent and conductive films:A critical approach

The main aspects of the sol–gel synthesis of ZnO thin films were critically examined with particular reference to the optimization of the process parameters that influence specific properties of the films. Starting from zinc acetate dihydrate, anhydrous ethanol and triethanolamine, a valuable sol–gel route was set. This route allowed the preparation of transparent ZnO thin films by dip-coating. The structural, optical and morphological characteristics of the films were examined by glancing incidence X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Single layer films, with a thickness of about 120nm, characterized by a high adhesion force were obtained. The crystallization behavior of dip-coated amorphous films was explored in the500–600 1C range; polycrystalline films, formed by randomly oriented ZnO nanocrystals (about 20 nm), with an average transmittance higher than 90% in the visible region, were obtained. Finally, a strong influence of annealing environment on electrical resistivity was observed