Collective excitations of trapped one-dimensional dipolar quantum gases

We calculate the excitation modes of a one-dimensional (1D) dipolar quantum gas confined in a harmonic trap with frequency ω0 and predict how the frequency of the breathing n=2 mode characterizes the interaction strength evolving from the Tonks-Girardeau value ω2 =2 ω0 to the quasi-ordered, superstrongly interacting value ω2 =5 ω0. Our predictions are obtained within a hydrodynamic Luttinger-liquid theory after applying the local density approximation to the equation of state for the homogeneous dipolar gas, which are in turn determined from reptation quantum Monte Carlo simulations. They are shown to be in quite accurate agreement with the results of a sum-rule approach. These effects can be observed in current experiments, revealing the Luttinger-liquid nature of 1D dipolar Bose gases