The obligation of performance, introduced within French public action since the 1970s, has made compensation a last resort mean to mitigate environmental degradation caused by development and land use planning. In the end, debates are mostly focusing on the technical ability of human societies to understand the substitutability of living beings and ways to implement it. Plurality of living beings and its definition is evacuated as a political issue to the benefit of technical processes to measure the economic value of life.La contrainte de performance, impulsée au sein de l’action publique française depuis les années 1970, sélectionne la compensation comme modalité de dernier recours afin de pallier les dégradations environnementales généré...