Pollution status of heavy metals and metalloids in Chinese lakes: Distribution, bioaccumulation and risk assessment

Due to intensive human activities, most of Chinese lakes are suffering from the pollution of heavy metals and metalloids. Previous studies on heavy metals and metalloids in Chinese lakes were limited to a few lakes and mainly focused on sediments, to date the knowledge on heavy metals and metalloids in multiple media of Chinese lakes from a national perspective is scarce. We collected the data of nine heavy metals and metalloids including Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), and Manganese (Mn) in water, surface sediments, and fish of 87 Chinese lakes sampled in the period from 2009 to 2019 from the literature, summarized the distribution of heavy metals and metalloids, evaluated their pollution, and apportioned their sources from a national perspective. Concentration of individual heavy metal and metalloid in water, surface sediments, and fish in Chinese lakes was in the ranges of 0.0080–282 μg/L, 0.020–33858 μg/g, and 0.00030–207 μg/g, respectively. 5.6 % and 33.3 % of lake water were polluted by Cd and As. 88.2 %, 78.6 %, and 66 % of lake sediments were polluted by Cd, Hg, and As. 35.3 %, 11.3 %, 52.4 %, and 12.8 % of Cd, Pb, As, and Cr concentrations in lake fish exceeded the food limits. Concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in fish viscera were higher than those in other organs. Higher partition coefficient and bioaccumulation factors were found for Pb and Cd, Hg and Zn, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in both water and sediments of lakes in eastern China were higher than those in western China. Concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in both lake water and sediments of urban lakes were higher than those of rural lakes. Lakes with extremely high ecological risk of heavy metals and metalloids were mainly located in central China and eastern China. Pollution of heavy metals and metalloids in Chinese lakes was closely correlated with regional economic development. Heavy metals and metalloids in Chinese lakes were mainly derived from industrial, domestic, and mixed discharges. Cd and Hg were selected as the heavy metals for priority control in Chinese lakes