Potential of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles for enhancing seedling emergence, vigor and tolerance indices and DPPH free radical scavenging in two varieties of soybean under salinity stress

Highlights • Pure synthesis of TiO2 NPs using the leaf extract of A. vera as a reducing and stabilizing agent. • The synthesized TiO2 NPs have a tetragonal shape with a size range from 10 to 25 nm. • Salinity reduced germination attributes and vigor indices of two soybean varieties. • H2O2 and MDA contents increased by increasing NaCl concentrations • TiO2 NPs induced salt tolerance in soybean by enhancing germination traits, DPPH free radical scavenging (Less IC50) and reducing H2O2 and MDA content