Shame and Aggression: Theoretical Considerations.

Within the shame literature, anger and aggression arewidely recognized as responses to shame. Recent findings on the affective neuroscience of social pain suggestmultiplemodels bywhich social pain (e.g., shame) and anger/ aggression may be linked. Thesemodels describe the mechanisms underlying the prominent role of shame in interpersonal aggression, a role revealed by many dozens of studies. Anger and aggression in response to shame may be viewed as emotion regulation, coping strategies, and evolutionary adaptations. Unfortunately, these attempts at coping with shamemay be adaptive or maladaptive. Indeed, aggression may be an adaptive defensive response to physical pain and many physical threats that, through evolutionary processes, came to be linked to shame once social pain co-opted the affective response to physical pain. In a related article (Velotti, Elison, & Garofalo, 2014),we reviewthe many contexts and populations in which aggressionmanifests, providing further evidence for the models proposed here. Thus, a more complete understanding of anger and violent behavior requires consideration of social pain, shame, and shame-regulation, for which physical pain serves as a useful model