Nanoparticle Sphericity Investigation of Cu-Al₂O₃-H₂O Hybrid Nanofluid Flows between Inclined Channels Filled with a Porous Medium

With the porous medium-filling inclined channels, we investigate the nanoparticle sphericity of Cu-Al2O3-H2O hybrid nanofluid flows. We consider the constant flow rate through the channels as well as the uniform heat flux on wall channels. We provide analytical solutions for both the velocity and temperature fields. Several parameters are considered in the analytical solutions, including the mixed convection variable, the Peclet number, the channel tilt angle, and nanoparticle sphericity and volume fractions. The significant findings of this study are that the effective thermal conductivity increases when increasing the temperature in the same nanoparticle volume fractions. Nanoparticles with a smaller average sphericity size have a greater specific surface area and contain a greater concentration of small particles, which enhances the internal heat transfer of nanofluids. The other noteworthy observation of this study is that when the nanoparticle volume fraction increases from 0.1 to 0.2, although the heat transfer enhancement rate has slowed down, it has also increased by about 25%. The hybrid nanofluids have suitable stability, and the enhanced heat transfer effect is better with the increase in nanoparticle compositions