A review of the combined effects of climate change and other local human stressors on the marine environment

Climate change (CC) is a key, global driver of change of marine ecosystems. At local and regional scales, other local human stressors (LS) can interact with CC and modify its effects on marine ecosystems. Understanding the response of the marine environmentThis article is based upon work from COST Action 15121 ‘Advancing marine conservation in the European and contiguous seas’ [MarCons (Katsanevakis et al., 2017); http://www.marcons-cost.eu] – supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology, CA15121). EG partially acknowledges also funding from the project PORTODIMARE “geoPORtal of TOols & Data for sustaInable Management of coAstal and maRine Environment” (2018–2020), Adriatic-Ionian Programme INTERREG Vsingle bondB Transnational 2014–2020, grant no. 205; MC partially from the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 817578 (TRIATLAS project)