Relevance of a photo-Fenton like technology based on peroxymonosulphate for 17β-estradiol removal from wastewater

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of sulphate radical based homogeneous advanced oxidation technologies (SR-AOTs) involving peroxymonosulphate (PMS) as an oxidant and ferrous iron (Fe(II)) as a catalyst, for the removal of 17β-estradiol (E2) from wastewater effluents collected downstream of a biological WWTP in Perpignan (France). This molecule is used as a surrogate for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) due to its high biological activity at very low concentration levels (ng/L). For this purpose, two different laboratory-scale devices have been employed, one for indoor experiments working with controlled and artificial UV light centered on λ=365nm emission, and the other at a larger scale for outdoor experiments using direct solar irradiation. Comparison of kinetic studies with those obtained with commonly used hydroxyl radical based advanced oxidation technologies (HR-AOTs), i.e., UV-Vis/H2O2/Fe(II) and UV/TiO2 revealed the higher efficiency of the former over the latter ones. Estrogenicity measurement through bioassays confirmed the complete removal of 17β-estradiol after only a few minutes treatment. Determination of E2 transformation pathways upon sulphate radical reactivity through intermediates identification by mass spectrometry revealed that the oxidation of phenol moiety into quinone might be the main step responsible for the decrease in estrogenicity. UV-Vis/PMS/Fe(II) system appears to be the most suitable method for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing E