Augmented-reality robot-assisted radical prostatectomy using hyper-accuracy three-dimensional reconstruction (HA3D™) technology: a radiological and pathological study

Objectives: To assess the use of hyper-accuracy three-dimensional (HA3D™; MEDICS, Moncalieri, Turin, Italy) reconstruction based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and superimposed imaging during augmented-reality robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (AR-RARP). Patients and methods: Patients with prostate cancer (clinical stages cT1–3, cN0, cM0) undergoing RARP at our Centre, from June 2017 to April 2018, were enrolled. In all cases, cancer was diagnosed with targeted biopsy at the level of index lesion based on high-resolution (1-mm slices) mpMRI. HA3D reconstruction was created by dedicated software to obtain the 3D virtual model of the prostate and surrounding structures. A specific system was used to overlay virtual data on the endoscopic video displayed by the remote da Vinci® surgical console (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA), and the virtual images were superimposed by the surgeon by the means of the TilePro™ multi-input display technology (Intuitive Surgical Inc.). The AR technology was used in four standardised key steps during RARP. The procedures were modulated differently in cases of prostate cancer without extracapsular extension (ECE) at mpMRI (Group A) or in cases of prostate cancer with ECE (Group B) at mpMRI. In Group A, the virtual image of the prostate was overlaid on the endoscopic view and the intraprostatic lesion was marked on the prostate surface by a metallic clip at the level of the suspicious lesion as identified by the 3D virtual AR image. In Group B, the same step was performed; moreover, a metallic clip was placed at the level of the suspicious ECE on the neurovascular bundles (NVBs) according to the virtual images. Finally, selective biopsies were taken from the NVBs at this level, and then, the entire NVBs were removed for final pathological examination, according to standard clinical indications. For Group A, the pathologist performed a targeted needle biopsy at the level of the metallic clip on the surface of prostate before the sample reduction. For Group B, the presence of tumour was evaluated during the reduction phase, at the level of metallic clip on the prostate surface and at the level of NVBs, sent separately. Finally, an image 3D scanner (Kinect, Microsoft) was used to perform a dimensional comparison between the mpMRI-based 3D virtual reconstruction and the whole-mount specimen. Results: In all, 30 patients were enrolled in the present study, 11 (36.6%) included in Group A and 19 (63.4%) in Group B. In all cases (30/30), final pathology confirmed the location of the index lesion, as cancer was found at the level of the metallic clip. The suspected ECE was confirmed on final pathology in 15/19 cases (79%). The AR-guided selective biopsies at the level of the NVBs confirmed the ECE location, with 11/15 (73.3%) biopsies at the level of NVBs positive for cancer. The mismatch between the 3D virtual reconstruction and the prostate 3D scanning based on the whole-mount specimen was <3 mm in >85% of the gland. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a HA3D virtual reconstruction of the prostate based on mpMRI data and real-time superimposed imaging allow performance of an effective AR-RARP. Potentially, this approach translates into better outcomes, as the surgeon can tailor the procedure for each patient