Organic olive orchards on sloping land: More than a specialty niche production system?

Five organicSloping and Mountainous Olive Plantation ProductionSystems (SMOPS) have been studied in four olive-producing areas in four European countries (Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal). Results indicate that these SMOPS provide ecological, economic and social benefits to the regions in which they are located, although most of these benefits are not strictly limited to the organicproductionsystems. Erosion control and organic matter balance remain significant issues in four of the SMOPS and we suggest that subsidy support should be conditional on the implementation of additional soil and water conservation measures that should be provided with specific funding. Most of the SMOPS will remain dependent on a similar level of support in order for oliveproduction to remain economically feasible. The lower profitability compared to non-organicoliveproductionsystems suggests that there is limited scope for expansion of organicoliveproduction, although in the study areas where there is little such production, such as Western Crete (Greece) and Basilicata–Salerno (Italy) the scope remains great. The analysis of the reasons for the beneficial effects of olive cultivation in the areas studied indicates that in most cases soil management techniques adopted in or recommended for organicproductionsystems could provide similar benefits in other productionsystems as well