Quadruple collocation analysis for soil moisture product assessment

For validating remotely sensed products, the triple collocation (TC) is often adopted, which is able to retrieve the independent error variances of three systems observing the same target parameter. In this letter, three years of soil moisture data derived from the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) aboard the MetOp satellite and the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) radiometer are analyzed and compared with the ERA Interim/Land model outputs and the ground measurements available from the International Soil Moisture Network. As we have four sources, a novel quadruple collocation (QC) approach is developed, which is more precise than TC since it uses the sources jointly. The results of QC show that the ERA model has the lowest error variance, while ground measurements are likely to be affected by the difficulty to represent a mean soil moisture within the satellite field of view by a limited number of stations. Moreover, the ASCAT retrievals outperform the SMOS ones if only anomalies with respect to the seasonal trend are considered, while the opposite occurs when the whole dynamic of soil moisture variation is considered