Regional citrate anticoagulation in cardiac surgery patients at high risk of bleeding: a continuous veno-venous hemofiltration protocol with a low concentration citrate solution

Introduction: Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is a valid option in patients at high risk of bleeding and undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The aim was to evaluate, in critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery, the efficacy and safety of RCAcontinuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) using a low concentration citrate solution. Methods: In high bleeding risk cardiac surgery patients, we adopted, as alternative to heparin or no anticoagulation, RCA-CVVH using a 12 mmol/l citrate solution. For RCA-CVVH settings, we developed a mathematical model to roughly estimate citrate load and calcium loss. In order to minimize calcium chloride supplementation, a calcium-containing solution was used as post-dilution replacement fluid. Statistical analysis: Student t-test or ANOVA with post-hoc tests; Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis tests for nonparametric analysis; Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with Log Rank test. Results: 33 patients (age 70.8±9.5, SOFA score 13.9±2.5) were switched to RCA-CVVH from no anticoagulation CRRT. Among them, 16 patients had been previously switched from heparin to no anticoagulation because of bleeding or heparin-related complications. RCA-CVVH filter life (49.8±35.4 h, median 41, 152 circuits) was significantly longer (p<0.0001) if compared with heparin (30.6±24.3 h, median 22, 73 circuits) or no anticoagulation (25.7±21.2 h, median 20, 77 circuits). Targets circuit and systemic Ca++ were easily maintained (0.37±0.09 and 1.18±0.13 mmol/l), while the persistence of a mild metabolic acidosis required bicarbonate supplementation (5.8±5.9 mmol/h) in 27 patients. Probability of circuit running at 24, 48, 72 h was higher during RCA-CVVH (p<0.0001), with a lower discrepancy between delivered and prescribed CRRT dose (p<0.0001). RCA was associated to a lower transfusion rate (p