Graph of observed black bear nocturnal activity in urban and rural areas vs. expected.

Expected null distribution versus observed risk ratios for black bears nocturnality from urban and rural camera trap sites relative to wild sites. The risk ratio (RR) compares nighttime activity for bears detected in areas of high human disturbance (Xh, urban = blue, rural = yellow) with those in low disturbance (Xl, wild) areas using the equation Risk Ratio = ln(Xh/Xl), where 0 would mean no difference. Expected distribution was calculated using 1000 bootstrap iterations from data. Horizontal lines show the 95% Highest Posterior Density Intervals for the expected (null) distribution (solid lines) and 95% confidence intervals for the observed values (dashed lines).