Immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung tumors with rare histologies and other thoracic malignancies

In recent years, immunotherapy has significantly changed the treatment of locally advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Conversely, the role of immunotherapy in NSCLC with uncommon histologies remains unclear, while in other rare thoracic malignancies, such as malignant pleural mesothelioma and thymic epithelial tumors, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is modifying therapeutic strategies with solid hopes for the future. However, larger prospective studies are urgently needed to define the best treatment strategies and the role of immunotherapy in these orphan tumors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging role of immunotherapy in the treatment of patients affected by these rare thoracic malignancies