Optimization for the Power Reserve Market

The growing share of renewables in the electricity market, the increasing use of HVDC interconnections, and the electrification of different sectors due to the energy transition have made more complex the TSO’s role of maintaining frequency balance in the power grid. Fortunately, TSO’s need for flexible demand aligns with the uprise of the electric vehicle that potentially can be harnessed as flexible demand with wheels. A lot of research and proof of concept projects have been developed around the V2G concept in the past few years and still no mature commercial scale business has been launched. This project focuses on the development of a capacity optimization model for the operation of an EV aggregator in the balancing and reserve markets. Specifically, it is designed according to the Finnish market rules established by its TSO, Fingrid. The report provides an overview of the Finnish power and balancing markets through which FCR-D up was selected as the most suitable product for an EV aggregator. The capacity optimization model is divided in the forecast model and the rolling optimization model. The forecast model predicts with different ranges of precision future balancing capacity. Benefits of aggregated forecasting when dealing with irregular patterns are drawn. Finally, the charging optimization model succeeds to generate smart charging schedules that shift the EVs available balancing capacity according to the bids made by the aggregator the day before. Such schedules need to be periodically updated with real data to adapt in case of frequency activations, thus the model can be considered a rolling forecastObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles::11.2 - Per a 2030, proporcionar accés a sistemes de transport segurs, assequibles, accessi­bles i sostenibles per a totes les persones, i millorar la seguretat viària, en particular mitjan­çant l’ampliació del transport públic, amb especial atenció a les necessitats de les persones en situació vulnerable, dones, nenes, nens, persones amb discapacitat i persones gran